How to restore and recover the database if user datafile got corrupted or deleted?

Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to restore and recover the database if the user datafile or corrupted or deleted Oracle Database instance. 

Eg: You will get the below error.

1)ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file

2)ORA-01110: data file 6:'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf'


Step 1: we need a backup of that user data file or full database backup.

we are going to take a full database backup.:

RMAN> backup database;


Starting backup at 14-AUG-23

using channel ORA_DISK_1

using channel ORA_DISK_2

using channel ORA_DISK_3

using channel ORA_DISK_4

using channel ORA_DISK_5

using channel ORA_DISK_6

using channel ORA_DISK_7

using channel ORA_DISK_8

using channel ORA_DISK_9

using channel ORA_DISK_10

using channel ORA_DISK_11

using channel ORA_DISK_12

using channel ORA_DISK_13

using channel ORA_DISK_14

using channel ORA_DISK_15

using channel ORA_DISK_16

using channel ORA_DISK_17

using channel ORA_DISK_18

using channel ORA_DISK_19

using channel ORA_DISK_20

using channel ORA_DISK_21

using channel ORA_DISK_22

using channel ORA_DISK_23

using channel ORA_DISK_24

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_system_l1vn6k9o_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_2: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_2: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_l1vn5r5n_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_2: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_3: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_3: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_l1vn7omh_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_3: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_4: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_4: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00008 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_omf_l2mbfk4s_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_4: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_5: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_5: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00009 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_omf_l2mbhvwo_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_5: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_6: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_6: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00010 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users02_l4pv5odp_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_6: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_7: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_7: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/bigtbs.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_7: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_8: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_8: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_8: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_9: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_9: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00007 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/auto.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_9: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_10: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_10: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_11: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_11: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

input datafile file number=00006 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf

channel ORA_DISK_11: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_12: starting full datafile backup set

channel ORA_DISK_12: specifying datafile(s) in backup set

including current SPFILE in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_12: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_4: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8c23qkma_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_4: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

channel ORA_DISK_5: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8d23qkma_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_5: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

channel ORA_DISK_6: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8e23qkmb_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_6: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03

channel ORA_DISK_3: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8b23qkma_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_3: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:05

channel ORA_DISK_7: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8f23qkmb_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_7: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

channel ORA_DISK_8: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8g23qkmb_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_8: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04

channel ORA_DISK_9: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8h23qkmb_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_9: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03

including current control file in backup set

channel ORA_DISK_10: starting piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

channel ORA_DISK_12: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8k23qkmd_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_12: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02

channel ORA_DISK_11: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8j23qkmd_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_11: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02

channel ORA_DISK_10: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8i23qkmc_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_10: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01

channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8923qkma_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:30

channel ORA_DISK_2: finished piece 1 at 14-AUG-23

piece handle=/u01/full01_8a23qkma_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937 comment=NONE

channel ORA_DISK_2: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:30

Finished backup at 14-AUG-23


RMAN> exit


Step 2:

Now we are going to remove the user data file.


[oracle@oracle backup]$

[oracle@oracle backup]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile

[oracle@oracle datafile]$

[oracle@oracle datafile]$

[oracle@oracle datafile]$ ll

total 2101244

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 104865792 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_omf_l2mbfk4s_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 104865792 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_omf_l2mbhvwo_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 713039872 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_sysaux_l1vn5r5n_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 859840512 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_system_l1vn6k9o_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall  62922752 Aug 14 19:17 o1_mf_temp_l1vn8mxl_.tmp

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 251666432 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_undotbs1_l1vn7omh_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 104865792 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_users02_l4pv5odp_.dbf

-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall   5251072 Aug 14 19:19 o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf

[oracle@oracle datafile]$

[oracle@oracle datafile]$

[oracle@oracle datafile]$ rm -rf o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf

[oracle@oracle datafile]$


Step 3: Restart the database hope you will get the below error,


ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file

ORA-01110: data file 6:

'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf'


Step 4: You can check the datafile number you should put on offline mode.


SQL> alter database datafile 6 offline;

Database altered.


Step5:Now try to open the database.

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

Check the datafile status using the below cmd,

SQL> select file#,name,status from v$datafile where file#='6';

     FILE#         NAME                                                                                                           STATUS
----------------   ----------------------------------------------------------                                       ----------------
6                      /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf        RECOVER

Step6:Recover means we should do the recovery operation like below.



Connect the RMAN:
[oracle@oracle datafile]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon Aug 14 19:26:27 2023

Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

connected to target database: PROD (DBID=544189800)

Fire the lost backup cmd:

RMAN> list backup;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog

List of Backup Sets
===================


BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
75      Full    80.00K     DISK        00:00:00     04-AUG-23
        BP Key: 75   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230804T214127
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_87230h87_1_1
  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 04-AUG-23
  SPFILE db_unique_name: PROD

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
76      Full    9.61M      DISK        00:00:02     04-AUG-23
        BP Key: 76   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230804T214127
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_86230h87_1_1
  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 6141869      Ckp time: 04-AUG-23

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
77      Full    704.84M    DISK        00:00:13     04-AUG-23
        BP Key: 77   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230804T214127
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_85230h87_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 77
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  1       Full 6141869    04-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_system_l1vn6k9o_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
78      Full    9.61M      DISK        00:00:01     04-AUG-23
        BP Key: 78   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230804T220848
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_88230irg_1_1
  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 6149933      Ckp time: 04-AUG-23

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
79      Full    1.03M      DISK        00:00:01     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 79   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8c23qkma_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 79
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  8       Full 6357360    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_omf_l2mbfk4s_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
80      Full    1.03M      DISK        00:00:01     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 80   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8d23qkma_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 80
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  9       Full 6357362    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_omf_l2mbhvwo_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
81      Full    1.03M      DISK        00:00:01     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 81   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8e23qkmb_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 81
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  10      Full 6357363    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users02_l4pv5odp_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
82      Full    1.03M      DISK        00:00:02     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 82   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8h23qkmb_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 82
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  7       Full 6357366    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/auto.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
83      Full    1.03M      DISK        00:00:01     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 83   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8g23qkmb_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 83
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  2       Full 6357365    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/tbs1.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
84      Full    6.05M      DISK        00:00:03     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 84   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8f23qkmb_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 84
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  5       Full 6357364    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/bigtbs.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
85      Full    80.00K     DISK        00:00:00     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 85   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8k23qkmd_1_1
  SPFILE Included: Modification time: 14-AUG-23
  SPFILE db_unique_name: PROD

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
86      Full    3.49M      DISK        00:00:04     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 86   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8b23qkma_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 86
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  4       Full 6357359    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_l1vn7omh_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
87      Full    2.25M      DISK        00:00:02     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 87   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8j23qkmd_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 87
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  6       Full 6357378    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
88      Full    9.61M      DISK        00:00:03     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 88   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8i23qkmc_1_1
  Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 6357369      Ckp time: 14-AUG-23

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
89      Full    520.45M    DISK        00:00:23     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 89   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8a23qkma_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 89
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  3       Full 6357358    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_l1vn5r5n_.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
90      Full    704.84M    DISK        00:00:24     14-AUG-23
        BP Key: 90   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230814T191937
        Piece Name: /u01/full01_8923qkma_1_1
  List of Datafiles in backup set 90
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
  1       Full 6357357    14-AUG-23 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_system_l1vn6k9o_.dbf


Start to Restore the user data file.

RMAN> restore datafile 6;

Starting restore at 14-AUG-23
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=250 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_2
channel ORA_DISK_2: SID=367 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_3
channel ORA_DISK_3: SID=13 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_4
channel ORA_DISK_4: SID=132 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_5
channel ORA_DISK_5: SID=251 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_6
channel ORA_DISK_6: SID=368 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_7
channel ORA_DISK_7: SID=14 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_8
channel ORA_DISK_8: SID=133 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_9
channel ORA_DISK_9: SID=252 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_10
channel ORA_DISK_10: SID=369 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_11
channel ORA_DISK_11: SID=15 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_12
channel ORA_DISK_12: SID=134 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_13
channel ORA_DISK_13: SID=253 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_14
channel ORA_DISK_14: SID=370 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_15
channel ORA_DISK_15: SID=16 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_16
channel ORA_DISK_16: SID=135 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_17
channel ORA_DISK_17: SID=254 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_18
channel ORA_DISK_18: SID=371 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_19
channel ORA_DISK_19: SID=17 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_20
channel ORA_DISK_20: SID=136 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_21
channel ORA_DISK_21: SID=255 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_22
channel ORA_DISK_22: SID=372 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_23
channel ORA_DISK_23: SID=18 device type=DISK
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_24
channel ORA_DISK_24: SID=137 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00006 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_l1vn7ngo_.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/full01_8j23qkmd_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/full01_8j23qkmd_1_1 tag=TAG20230814T191937
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished restore at 14-AUG-23

RMAN>  recover datafile 6;

Starting recover at 14-AUG-23
using channel ORA_DISK_1
using channel ORA_DISK_2
using channel ORA_DISK_3
using channel ORA_DISK_4
using channel ORA_DISK_5
using channel ORA_DISK_6
using channel ORA_DISK_7
using channel ORA_DISK_8
using channel ORA_DISK_9
using channel ORA_DISK_10
using channel ORA_DISK_11
using channel ORA_DISK_12
using channel ORA_DISK_13
using channel ORA_DISK_14
using channel ORA_DISK_15
using channel ORA_DISK_16
using channel ORA_DISK_17
using channel ORA_DISK_18
using channel ORA_DISK_19
using channel ORA_DISK_20
using channel ORA_DISK_21
using channel ORA_DISK_22
using channel ORA_DISK_23
using channel ORA_DISK_24

starting media recovery
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00

Finished recover at 14-AUG-23

RMAN> alter database datafile 6 online;

Statement processed

RMAN>
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the Oracle STARTUP command to start an Oracle Database instance.


RMAN> select file#,name,status from v$datafile where file#='6';

     FILE#      NAME                                                                                                   STATUS
-------------    -----------------------------------------------------------                               -------------
         6    /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD/datafile/o1_mf_users_lfndop9v_.dbf     ONLINE


Thanks for your time!!!!!



0 Comments

DELETE Statement in ORACLE DB— Step by Step Internal Flow with classroom example.

Imagine your Oracle database like a school, and you’re Teacher decides to remove a student (row) from the classroom(table). Let’s see how the journey works step by step: 1)Classroom = Oracle Table 2)Students = Rows (Records) 3)Class Teacher = Oracle Server Process 4)Attendance Register = Data Dictionary User fires DELETE statement: DELETE FROM students WHERE grade = 'D'; Internal Processing Steps: Client Process Sends DELETE Statement to Server Process The teacher receives a request to remove a student from the classroom. Syntax Check (Parsing) The teacher checks if the request is grammatically correct — proper command, keywords, and a semicolon. Semantic Check Teacher verifies if the classroom exists and whether the condition (like grade = 'D') makes sense. Object Resolution Teacher confirms that the ‘students’ classroom (table) exists in the school records (data dictionary). Optimization Decides the fastest way to find those students — by roll number, grade, or al...